![]() Another consideration with respect to mesh number and the size of the mesh aperture is the type of ink to be used. A coarser fabric will pass a thicker layer of ink, and will fail to hold a stencil containing fine detail. For fine line art, a finely-woven fabric will hold the stencil better, and pass a fine film of ink. The mesh number, or the number of mesh apertures in a given unit area or length of fabric, affects the image quality of the print. (The surface roughness of a monofilment screen fabric necessary to adhere a stencil material is known as its tooth.) Monofilaments, although capable of facilitating ink passage through the mesh opening more readily, are smoother than multifilaments and consequently must often undergo roughening in order to properly adhere the stencil. They also retain their dimensional stability more easily, ensuring consistent ink transfer over the course of a print run. Multifilaments provide a greater cross-sectional area and allow for a better adhesion of the stencil. (See Metal Screen Fabric.) The fibers used for the mesh can either be monofilament or multifilament, which describes whether each fiber is composed of a single thread or several threads tightly braided together, respectively. In some screen printing applications, a metal screen fabric is used. The printing screen is a fine mesh, composed of filaments of natural fibers such as silk or-more commonly-synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, etc. The screen printing apparatus contains several basic elements: Despite its simplicity and compatibility with a virtually unlimited variety of substrates, screen printing cannot economically compete with offset lithography, gravure, or flexography in the high-speed, high-volume printing of books, newspapers, etc. A fairly viscous ink (formerly paint) is placed on the screen, a glue is applied to the non-printing areas beyond the edge of the stencil, and a squeegee pulls the ink down over the stencil, where it prints the design onto the intended substrate. Screen printing today still retains the simplicity of earlier forms of it a hand-cut or photographically-produced stencil is mounted on the bottom of a fine mesh screen, which has been stretched taut on a wooden frame. In 1914, American John Pilsworth devised a system for the silkscreening of banners, and until the late 1930s screen printing was used primarily for commercial purposes, eventually becoming favored among artists. In 1907, Englishman Samuel Simon created a process of screen printing utilizing a cut stencil of the intended design mounted on a finely-woven silk screen, a brush being used to force the ink through the screen in the cut-out areas of the stencil. (Just about every printing method had its origins in the printing of playing cards, perhaps indicative of the emphasis that has always been-and probably always will be-placed on that particular form of diversion.) The screen process as we now know it was devised in Germany and Scotland in the late 1800s. Stencil printing was popular in Japan until the early nineteenth century, and early forms of European stencil printing date back at least to A.D. Essentially, a design is cut or punched into a sheet of paper, metal, or other material, and ink is applied with a brush to the surface of the stencil, where it passes through the openings onto the desired surface. Screen printing derives from older practices of stencil printing, such as the pochoir method of stencilling. At one time called silkscreening (and, more obscurely, "fabritecture" and "mitography"), as the screen through which the ink was forced was made of silk, the term is no longer in use in the screen printing industry. ![]() Screen printing, also known as screen process and serigraphy, is used to print almost any surface imaginable, from T-shirts and other textiles to posters to signs to tablecloths to shower curtains to leather goods. ![]() A form of printing in which a thick paste ink is forced through a stencil attached to a finely-woven mesh screen, transferring ink to the desired substrate in those areas not covered by the stencil.
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